<p>The John B. Johnson House is a historic house located on East Nokomis Street in Osakis, Minnesota and registered in the National Register of Historic Places .</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>In 1876 John B. Johnson, one of the early pioneers of the Minnesota village of Osakis, moved with his wife into a new house, the most expensive house in the village. Johnson paid Theodore Halstad, originally from Maine, to build the two-storey, six-sided house. The house, now relocated, was originally sited on large grounds (now the location of the present Osakis High School). The original grounds were the size of a full city block and was enclosed by a big white fence.</p><br>
<p>In addition to its hexagonal shape, another striking feature of the two-storey house is an unusual roofline which plunges down to the first storey. The roofline has three rounded corners, lacking sharp angles, that appear to droop downward to the first storey. The house has cornice treatment and millwork in the Italianate style. The house has front and rear entry doors, both of which are double in arrangement. The front double-door is at the hexagons front corner, the back double-door is at the hexagons back corner, and the double-doors connect to the central hall which divides the floor plan of the first storey. The houses first floor consists of four rooms. The rooms open into a central hall, which bisects the floor plan from the houses front to rear. Each of the four rooms has five walls. On one side of the central hall is a double parlor, and on the halls other side there are a dining room and a kitchen. The second floor is accessible only through a stairway in the rear vestibule of the central hall and has four bedrooms and a bathroom. All of the houses walls, except in the kitchen, have decorations with simple geometric stenciling.</p><br>
<p>Although many inhabitants of Osakis called the Johnson House, the "Cyclone House" based upon the belief that house was built to resist high winds, according to Clyde W. Long, John B. Johnsons nephew, the house was built with a hexagonal shape because of his uncles admiration for honey bees and their geometric honeycombs. John B. Johnson always had an apiary in his yard and enjoyed studying the habits of honey bees.</p><br>
<p>For many years, the Johnson home was a showplace for Osakis. John B. Johnson and his wife, Rebecca "Nellie," gave large parties and bought beautiful, expensive furnishings for their house. In 1912, the Osakis School District purchased the John B. Johnson house and land for $7,000. While a new school was constructed, the house was used as a temporary building for the youngest elementary school students. In July 1915, the Osakis School District offered the house for sale with the option of taking the house without its lot. In 1916 Andrew B. Anderson bought the house without its lot and moved the structure to its present location. Anderson hired Verne Frey, a locator decorator, who worked for three months painting ad stenciling the house&#39;s interior. In 1976 the house, in a deteriorating condition, was sold at auction to Thomas J. G. Dunn, who in 1977 was successful in having the house placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHS).</p><br>
<p>In 1982 Roger and Nancy Daniels bought the house, opened a real estate office in the house&#39;s front porch, and began refurbishing the house for themselves and their children. The house in 1982 leaked badly during rain, had only five electrical outlets, and needed strengthening of its floors and ceilings. Roger and Nancy Daniels restored the original hardwood floor consisting of birdseye hard maple and maintained a consistent effort to restore the house to its original condition rather than make fundamentally new changes.</p><br>
<p>On February 25, 2005, the John B. Johnson House, as restored by Roger and Nancy Daniels, was featured in one of the segments on the program If Walls Could Talk, broadcast by HGTV (Home & Garden Television).</p><br>
<p>According to the remarkable polymath Roger G. Kennedy,</p><br>
<h2>John and Rebecca Johnson</h2><br>
<p>John B. Johnson was born in 1841 in Woodstock, Ohio and in boyhood moved to Illinois with his family. After serving in the Union Army during the American Civil War, he moved in 1866 to Sauk Centre, Minnesota. In 1868 he and one of his cousins settled in Osakis and opened a trading post and general store. In 1872 John Johnson married Rebecca Fannehall. The first house of John and Rachel Johnson was destroyed by a tornado. She founded the first bank in Osakis and acted as the bank&#39;s manager and cashier. He operated a post office located inside the general store and invested in the grain business. He became the owner of the first grain elevator in Osakis.</p><br>
<p>The second house of John and Rebecca Johnson, now called the "John B. Johnson House", was a source of pride for the couple. A photograph of the house, in its pristine condition, was reproduced on the Bank of Osakis checks. In their home, the wealthy, influential couple entertained many friends. According to a local historian in Osakis, John and Rebecca Johnson, even in old age, rode a bicycle built for two. He died in 1937 and she died in 1940. Both are buried in a local cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Medical Arts Historic District is a historic district in northeast Albuquerque, New Mexico, consisting of four adjacent medical office complexes: Medical Arts Square , Encino Medical Plaza , Encino Crescent , and Granada Medical Plaza . The complexes reflect the movement of medical professionals in the mid-20th century away from downtown office buildings and into more suburban settings with onsite parking. Each complex consists of one-story buildings organized around a central parking areas, similar to a suburban shopping center. The Granada Medical Plaza was designed in the New Formalist style, while the other three complexes are examples of International Style architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 2023 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2024.</p><br>
<p>Miller-Melone Ranch is a historic American Craftsman ranch-style homestead, located in Saratoga, California. The ranch house was designed and built by architect Frank Delos Wolfe in 1911 for Charles Miller and his wife Lillian Fern Melone. It is the last remaining prune ranch home in the Sarartoga area. The Miller-Melone Ranch was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 1, 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1876, William Thomas Melone married Lucy A. Melone. In 1887, they moved from Illinois to Saratoga with their five children. There, they acquired several parcels of orchard land. Following Lucy Melone&#39;s death in 1905, she left land to each of her children. Lillian Fern Melone inherited 21.23 acre. Lillian, who later married Charles Miller, built the Miller-Melone house on a portion of the inherited acreage.</p><br>
<p>The Miller-Melone Ranch remains the only existing prune ranch home and orchard in the Saratoga area, preserving its original outbuildings. This property includes a 200 ft driveway off Saratoga-Sunnyvale Road, ranch house, a garage, a tank house, and a windmill. From 1911 to 1986, Charlie Miller and his family resided in the residence that served as the home for the prune orchardist. During their seventy-five years on this ranch, the Millers witnessed the latter stages of the prime era of agriculture in the Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara Valley, its subsequent decline, and the shift from a rural, crop-dependent transition to an urbanized society. Throughout their residency in the Craftsman house, the experiences of the Miller family closely mirrored many other fruit ranching families in Santa Clara County, California. From 1905 to 1986, the majority of the 21 acres were sold to various buyers, leaving only 2.8 acre remaining.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The Miller-Melone Ranch has a two-bedroom, one-bath American Craftsman-style ranch house, with a garage, tank house, windmill, a non-contributing aviary, and a well-preserved cast-iron lidded fuel oil container. Built in 1910-11, the ranch house has undergone only two alterations: an 8 ft rear porch addition, and the porch used for sleeping was enclosed. The owner has preserved the -and-one-half story side-gabled Craftsman.</p><br>
<p>The 2.4 acre property features a 200 ft driveway that has access to the main road. Next to the main entrance in the east lies a shallow garden pond, with low shrubs lining the front porch. Towards the rear of the house, there is a tank house and a one-car garage. On the west side of the back porch, a windmill and a deteriorating aviary. The property is encircled by heritage oaks, mature redwood, mountain elm, buckeye, and palm trees. Situated 60 ft from the back door is the original prune orchard.</p><br>
<p>The interior layout of the house closely follows the original architect&#39;s plans. The living room is centrally located and directly accessible from the front porch through the front door. Adjacent to it, there is a dining room, and the kitchen extends to the screened back porch. An open porch, now enclosed, is connected to the living room that is through a hallway. This hallway serves as a passage to the kitchen on the north and a bedroom on the south, which is connected to a bathroom. The bathroom further connects to another bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The house has two identical multi-pane windows on the south side. Each window is located on the north side of the dining room and kitchen and on the south side in the two bedrooms. Constructed in the Craftsman style, this house is made of wood, with frame, post, and beam construction. The exterior walls of the first story are covered with 8 ft wide clapboard, while the upper story with framing of the shed dormer, has wood shingles arranged in a coursed pattern.</p><br>
<p>The roof is clad in synthetic shingles, featuring a wide, unenclosed eave overhang. There are no exposed rafter tails under the roofline. On each side along the rake edge, three beams extend to the roof edge, creating triangular knee braces collectively. The front facade has a full-width front porch. The southern half of the porch is screened for summer, while the northern half is enclosed with glass for winter use. The entire porch is sheltered under the main roof, which is upheld by four two-tiered square columns extending to ground level. These columns are covered in clapboard. Flanking the entry steps on both sides are matching pillars, each standing at a height of 2 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Historical status</h2><br>
<p>The Miller-Melone Ranch was registered with the National Register of Historic Places on April 1, 1993. The City of Saratoga&#39;s General Plan includes the Miller-Melone Ranch as a historic landmark.</p><br>
<p>The ranch is historically significant under Criterion A, in the areas of agriculture due to its association with the 75-year time span within the latter phase of the agricultural golden era in the San Clara Valley. Additionally, the ranch house holds significance under Criterion C in architecture as an early example of the American Craftsman-style house. It was designed and built by Frank Delos Wolfe, a Craftsman designer in Santa Clara Valley. The period of significance from 1911 to 1940.</p><br>
<p>The Cinclare Sugar Mill Historic District is a historic industrial and residential complex on the former Marengo Plantation in unincorporated West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. The district is located on the west bank of the Mississippi River between Brusly and Port Allen and across from Baton Rouge. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The historic district consists of 46 buildings and two structures. The manufacturing portion of the district contains both structures: a smokestack reading "CINCLARE" and a water tower. The nineteenth-century mule barn is believed to be the last in Louisiana. The sugar industry used to rely heavily on mules for power in mills, but similar structures were typically demolished after the introduction of tractors.</p><br>
<p>The complex also contained a company town for year-round employees. The oldest structures is a circa 1855 plantation house in the Greek Revival style. There is a nearby row of manager houses. There are also several worker cottages built in 1913 from Sears Roebuck & Company kit houses and earlier worker housing built in the traditional Creole cottage style. A dormitory for seasonal works has since been demolished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the Antebellum era, the Marengo Plantation was established from multiple parcels in 1855 as a forced-labor operation, and like most of the sugar plantations in the area, had its own mule-driven sugar kiln. After the Civil War John H. Laws from Cincinnati, Ohio bought the facility in 1878. He renamed it "Cinclare" and began to invest in expanding and automating the industrial facility at a time of consolidation in the sugar industry.</p><br>
<p>In the early twentieth century, the facility serviced a company town complete with company scrip and a plantation store. In 1914, Langdon Laws, who was also a director of the Texas and Pacific Railroad, had a spur line built to the mill. Seasonal workers would augment the year-round staff during the fall "cracking season".</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Harry L. Laws & Company announced that the sugar mill would close but the company would continue to send sugar grown in West Baton Rouge Parish to the mill at the Alma Plantation in Pointe Coupee Parish. The company continues to own 13,000 acres of agricultural land, mostly devoted to sugarcane, throughout West Baton Rouge, Iberville and St. Martin parishes.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the 210-foot-tall smokestack was repaired and repainted. It was originally built around 1950 for what was then named the Cinclare Central Factory. In 2018, the company won an award for restoring the vacation home of the Laws family that was built in 1906. The company continues to own the facility, rents out the housing, and is considering building a planned community. The West Baton Rouge Museum received donated machinery from Cinclare which it has incorporated into exhibits since it was the last sugar mill in the parish.</p><br>
<p>St. Genevieve Catholic Church and Cemetery of Brouillette is a historic Catholic Church founded in the 1800s along the banks of the Red River of the South near Marksville, Louisiana, United States, serving the Brouillette community. The current structure was built in the 1950s. It is the cultural center of the area&#39;s historic Louisiana Creole people, predominantly of French descent.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The church is located at the intersection of Levee Road and Preston Road (LA HWY 452) in the Brouillette community of Marksville, Louisiana. It is located just off the levee of the Red River adjacent to the United States Army Corps of Engineers and Red River Waterway Commission&#39;s Brouillette Recreation Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was founded on the banks of the Red River by French Creole families in the 1800s. Notable founding and patron families include Deville, Brevelle, Gaspard, Dupuy, Ponthier, Lacombe, Bordelon, Laborde, and Lachney, whose names appear prominently on the church&#39;s entrance. The parish church is part of the Diocese of Alexandria and includes an iconic cemetery with above-ground tombs.</p><br>
<h2>Notable People</h2><br>
<p>Jean Baptiste Brevelle (1698-1754), early 18th century explorer, trader and soldier of Fort Saint Jean Baptiste des Natchitoches, the first European settlement in the area. Father of the namesake of nearby Isle Brevelle and ancestor of the founders of St. Genevieve Catholic Church.</p><br>
<p>Anne des Cadeaux</p><br>
<p>The Marengo Plantation House is a historic plantation house in unincorporated Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, west of Jonesville, Louisiana behind the Little River levee. The house was built in the 1850s and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is a large galleried cottage that is transitional between Greek Revival and Italianate architecture. It also blends traditional French and English floor plans.</p><br>
<p>The second story is a garret with an open room at the top of the stairs with four bedrooms. The front and back of the house both have large dormers.</p><br>
<p>St. Isidore Catholic Church, is a historic church in Los Alamitos, California. It is the oldest building in the city and one of the oldest in Orange County, being built in 1933. It has not held services since 1999, and is planned to be a part of an upcoming community center. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Isidore Parish was established in 1921, the same year as Holy Family in Orange and St. Anne in Seal Beach. Before 1921, only five parishes had been established in Orange County. Citizens of Los Alamitos had to use the general store or hotel for mass services before the opening of the church. In 1922, parishioners asked the Bixby Land Company for land to build a church. The company granted permission, and the building was built in 1926, under the leadership of Mike Reagan. It was named after Isidore the Laborer and its first pastor was Miguel Santacana. The church was damaged in the 1933 Long Beach earthquake and had to be rebuilt, reopening in 1935.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1930s and early 40s, ten stained glass windows were added to the church. They were all installed separately after each funding goal was reached. Some donors names still can be found on the windows of the church as of 2024. A small rectory and garage were also built in 1938, but it was demolished in 1972. In the 1940s, Fr. McFadden organized the building of the parish hall, constructed by parishioners and referred to as "The Peoples Hall." It was used for religious education classes.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, St. Hedwig opened in the city, causing it to have two churches. Fr. Dominic Daley, the pastor of St. Isidore, thought that two churches would cause a financial loss, so he ordered that the church be closed. It was gutted as well, leading to the removal of many items in the church — the only original items left in 2024 from before the church&#39;s closure are the stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>St. Isidore was reopened in 1972, after Fr. Quinn arrived at St. Hedwig. He was affectionate toward the Hispanic parishioners and held mass there in English and Spanish. However, it was closed again by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange in 1999, citing a lack of Spanish-speaking priests and the need to add expensive earthquake prevention measures to the church. The building did not fit many people either, with a maximum capacity of 125. Its last service was held on September 26, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Following fundraising, the church was bought by the St. Isidore Historical Plaza Organization, a volunteer community service group, in April 2014. Their goal was to restore the chapel and its surrounding buildings and gift it to the City of Los Alamitos for use as a community center, due to its proximity to the center of the city. Restoration of the chapel started immediately after the purchase and finished in the same month. Other buildings are still in need of restoration as of 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Some elements used in the building of the church include "plastered walls, wood beams, wrought iron accents and ceramic tiles." The altar, made from Belgian marble, had marble statues on each side. Many church items, including the altar, were removed from the church following its closure in 1960. When the church reopened, a new altar was made from wood.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln School is a historic school building located in Belle Fourche, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln School was built in 1919 as part of a statewide school building standardization program. This initiative aimed to replace the small, timber-framed, rural schoolhouses with larger, rectangular buildings, often built of stone or brick. The W. W. Beach Company of Sioux City, Iowa, was contracted to carry out construction.</p><br>
<p>By the 1950s, the state was already looking to replace the school, which was far too small to meet the growing local education demands; in 1953, state surveys estimated Lincoln School was operating 68% over capacity. The school shut down in the 1960s and served as office space. It was purchased for use as a single-family dwelling in the 1990s and remains so today.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Lincoln School sits in the middle of a residential area at the southeast corner of Jackson Street and 7th Avenue. The square, two-story school building itself does not adhere to any specific architectural style but does include some Romanesque elements that were typical of schoolhouses built during this era. It is constructed out of brown brick and is simple in ornamentation, with only a thin belt course between the roof and second-story windows. The windows, although not original, are still mostly in their original positions. These are encircled by decorative masonry with concrete sills. The main entrance is located on the right side of the northern facade and is encircled by a slightly raised brick and concrete archway. Its roof is flat and features a few gabled parapets that are flush with the rest of the building.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the school originally consisted of only four rooms and a basement. Hallways ran the width of one side of the building on both floors, which led into the classrooms. A multi-purpose room, restrooms, and the boiler were located in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The Clipper Belt Lacer Company Complex is a complex of seven former factory buildings located at 974-1010 Front Avenue NW in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Barns Stone was born in Grand Rapids in 1861 and immigrated to England in his mid-twenties, finding work as a manufacturer&#39;s representative for various companies. By 1890, Stone operated his own company in London: J. B. Stone & Company, which repaired the leather belting used by industrial machines at the time. The system used wire hooks to efficiently repair machines on the factory floor. On a visit home to Grand Rapids, Stone learned that there were no such devices marketed locally, and in 1905 set up a sister company, J. B. Stone & Co., along with his brother, Frank A. Stone.</p><br>
<p>The company was immediately successful, and moved to a larger building. In 1908 the company was re-incorporated as the Flexible Belt Lacing Company, and in 1909 James Stone sold his interest in the company and returned to England. The Grand Rapids company grew and improved its product, and in 1912 changed its name to the Clipper Belt Lacer Company. Around the same time, construction started on a new factory on Front Street. The building was finished in 1912, and an addition was finished the next year. By 1916 the company employed 100 workers, and added an office building, In 1917 a boiler room, loading dock, and garage were constructed, and a warehouse in 1920.</p><br>
<p>With the onset of the Great Depression, Clipper&#39;s sales declined, but the company survived and began diversifying its product line. In the 1970s, the factory was modernized, and a period of growth led to the construction of another warehouse in 1980. By this time, the company was outgrowing the Front Street space, and in 1982 it moved to an industrial park on the outskirts of Grand Rapids. In 1994, the company was purchased by Flexco, a competing company located in Downers Grove, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>After Clipper moved from the Front Street space, it donated the 1920 warehouse to Grand Valley State University. In 1982, Grand Valley purchased the 1980 warehouse building, and used both buildings as part of a deal to acquire land construction of a downtown campus. The remaining buildings were vacant until 1986, when they were purchased by</p><br>
<p>Grand River Interiors. All the complex buildings were purchased by Pinnacle Construction Group in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Clipper Belt Lacer Company Complex contains seven buildings on approximately 3.3 acres alongside the Grand River. Five buildings contribute to the historic character of the property: the machine shop (1912), the office building (1916), the boiler house (1917) the enclosed garage (1917) and the open parking garage (1920).</p><br>
<p>The office building, machine shop and boiler house are brick buildings with steel or concrete floors and roofs. The parking garages are built of wood framing with. The office building and machine shop are constructed in a typical "mill style," with vertically stacked windows with segmental arches.</p><br>
<p>Groves Farm is a farmstead located at 6015 Sutton Road in Northfield Township, Michigan, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nicholas Groves was born in 1788 in Whitingham, Vermont. Groves helped his father manage the family farm, but after the death of his father and stepmother, he decided to move west. In 1831 he travelled to Michigan and purchased 160 acres in Northfield Township. Later that year he brought his second wife and three children from his first marriage to Michigan. They arrived in December 1831 and began establishing a farmstead, while staying with a neighbor. Within a few weeks, Groves had constructed a log cabin on his property.</p><br>
<p>The Groves family participated in local politics, with Nicholas Groves elected overseer of the poor in 1832 and his son, William P. Groves, appointed local postmaster in 1849. In 1846, the family constructed a new frame house, after which the older log cabin was demolished. A dairy barn was built the same year. In 1847, Nicholas Groves transferred the property ownership to William P. Groves, although he continued to live at the property until his death in 1866. William married in 1851, and eventually had six children. As the family grew, the house was enlarged, with a west wing added in 1856 and a south wing in 1864. Additional outbuildings were also constructed in the 1850s, and a large animal barn was moved from another farmstead onto the Groves property. A corn crib was constructed in 1864 and a horse barn in 1872.</p><br>
<p>In 1886 William P. Grovess son Albert D. Groves married and soon moved into the family farm with his wife. The farmhouse was enlarged again in 1888. When he died in 1899, William P. Groves left the farm to his son, Albert, and his brother, Edwin W. Groves. Edwin died in 1915 and Alberts son William T. Groves purchased his share of the farm. In 1907 the Groves family moved to Ann Arbor and leased the farm to Martin Wurster, a German immigrant. A number of improvements were made to the farm while the Wursters were tenants. Most significantly, in 1922 the house was completely demolished by fire, and a new one was constructed. In 1924, Albert D. Groves died; his son William T. Groves inherited the farm. The Wursters continued as tenants until 1938, after which William&#39;s brother-in-law, Irwin Harrington, leased the farm until 1940.</p><br>
<p>William T. Groves returned to the farm in 1941 with his wife and mother-in-law, but died unexpectedly in 1943. The house was vacant for the next decade until his son, William A. Groves, married and moved in in 1952. In 1961 the family moved to Ann Arbor and leased the acreage to the Maulbetsch family. In 1962, the Caskey family purchased the house and a 2.3 acre section of property. In 1968, the Caskeys sold the property to Nancy and Fred LaPointe, who also purchased the barns and an additional 2.6 acres from the Groves family. In 1972, the LaPointes sold the farmstead to Sally and Dean Louis. The remainder of the original Groves farm was subdivided and sold in the 1980s and 1990s. As of 2023, Sally Louis owns the farmhouse and associated outbuildings.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Groves farmstead is a complex of nine related buildings and structures on about five acres on both sides of Sutton Road. Generally, the domestic buildings are on one side of the road and agricultural buildings are on the other. The buildings include the 1922 Groves farmhouse, as well as a 1846 dairy barn, sheep barn, 1864 corn crib, 1872 horse barn, 1846 well, 1917 pump house, and a garage. The property also contains a wrought-iron fence and an heirloom New England sundial.</p><br>
<p>The Groves farmhouse is a two-and-one-half-story, side-gable house constructed in 1922. It is a plain symmetrical building with a center entrance and a small center gable. It was updated in 1940 to include Colonial Revival detailing.</p><br>
<p>The dairy barn in a large frame structure with a side-gabled roof. The sheep barn is a gambrel-roof building with a metal roof and vertical board siding. The corn crib is a slightly tapered, gabled building sitting on brick piers. The horse barn is a front-gable building with vertical board siding. The pump house is a small, gabled building with wood siding.</p><br>
<p>Fort Willow or Willow Depot was a fortified British supply depot in Upper Canada during the War of 1812. It is located in modern-day Springwater, Ontario. The depot was built near the strategically-important Nine Mile Portage, a pre-existing portage route used by First Nations people, as well as by the French in conducting the fur trade. The portage route allowed the British to supply their forts in the upper Great Lakes during the war.</p><br>
<p>The British use of the fort and portage route in the War of 1812 is recognized by the Canadian government&#39;s Historic Sites and Monuments Board as a National Historic Event.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Willow site sits on the historic Nine Mile Portage route. This route was used by First Nations people for hundreds of years to travel between Kempenfelt Bay on Lake Simcoe and Willow Creek, a tributary of the Nottawasaga River. From the Nottawasaga River, it was then possible to reach Georgian Bay on Lake Huron. French explorers and fur traders later followed this route. The portage had come to the attention of the British armed forces by 1793.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>Restorations and archaeological investigations have located and outlined the former buildings used by the soldiers. Information kiosks provide a thorough history of the area&#39;s past use and how its location helped ensure the geographical boundaries of Canada today.</p><br>
<p>Accessibility improvements were made to the trail leading to the fort site in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>After archaeological research, the area of Fort Willow has been partially reconstructed by the Fort Willow Improvement Group. The site is in Springwater Township, approximately 10 km west of downtown Barrie, Ontario. The outline of various buildings as well as explanatory signs have been installed.</p><br>
<p>2101 Connecticut Avenue is a housing co-op and former apartment building sited on a prominent place in the Kalorama Triangle Historic District in Washington, D.C. The neighborhood where the building stands was mostly developed in the 1890s to early 20th-century. Many large apartment buildings had already been built in the area by the time 2101 Connecticut Avenue was constructed in 1928. It was the last of the grand and luxurious apartment buildings constructed in Kalorama Triangle. The architects for the building were George T. Santmyers and Joseph Abel, the latter doing most of the work.</p><br>
<p>The real estate project was developed by Harry M. Bralove and two business partners. Several houses were demolished to make way for the building. Although most of the neighborhood&#39;s housing was developed for the middle-class, 2101 Connecticut Avenue catered to the upper-class or higher middle-class. The building remained an apartment house until 1976 when it was converted into a co-op. It underwent a year-long renovation at the same time. The building was designated a contributing property to the Kalorama Triangle Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places and District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 1987. Historian and author James Moore Goode considered 2100 Connecticut Avenue the most beautiful and grandest apartment building constructed in the city between World War I and World War II.</p><br>
<p>The eclectic design of 2100 Connecticut Avenue is a mixture of Moorish Revival, Spanish Colonial, and Gothic Revival architectures. The building is eight stories and contains 64 units. It is shaped like a double H (H-H), which allows each unit to have windows on three sides. In addition to parrot gargoyles above the entrance and lion heads in the frieze, a prominent architectural feature are the sixteen grotesques of demons carrying stone balls as if to throw them. They are located on top of the building.</p><br>
<p>Each unit measures 2,600 ft&sup2; to 3,200 ft&sup2; and includes three bedrooms, a large gallery, sunporch, and other features. The price of a unit is expensive, with one selling in 2022 for almost $2 million, not including the co-op fee of $4,407 per month. Prominent residents who have lived in 2101 Connecticut Avenue include a vice president, multiple senators and representatives, military officials, judges, and diplomats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>Kalorama Triangle is a residential neighborhood bordered by Connecticut Avenue, Columbia Road, and Rock Creek Park. For many years the area was considered a suburb of Washington, D.C., due to it being north of Boundary Street (Florida Avenue). Although there were some large homes built in the neighborhood, for the most part it was devoid of residential properties. After the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 extended the boundaries of the city, development did not occur right away. Beginning in the 1890s, rapid development of the neighborhood began after Connecticut Avenue and Columbia Road were extended and streetcar lines were installed. Despite the rapid real estate development, some of the older homes first built in the neighborhood were still standing. All of these would eventually be torn down to make way for rowhouses and large, ornate apartment buildings.</p><br>
<p>Large apartment buildings were constructed in Kalorama Triangle, most of them along Connecticut Avenue and Columbia Road, with the first one being The Woodward, built in 1910. Several of the houses built in the 1880s and 1890s were demolished for the neighborhoods last grand apartment building. To make way for 2101 Connecticut Avenue, residences including Samuel Walter Woodwards Georgian Revival house that was designed by James G. Hill were demolished. The location of a new apartment building on the stretch of Connecticut Avenue was in line with earlier large apartment buildings, including 2029 Connecticut Avenue, The Woodward, and The Dresden, which is across the street from 2101 Connecticut Avenue, in the Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The $1-2 million building project was a development by Harry M. Bralove, along with his business partners, Edward C. Ernst and John J. McInerney. The building, which fronts on Connecticut Avenue between Kalorama Road and Wyoming Avenue, was called by historian James Moore Goode the most beautiful and grandest built in the city between World War I and World War II. The architects who designed the building were George T. Santmyers and Joseph Abel. The latter did most of the architectural design as an apprentice in Santmyers&#39; office. Additional apartment buildings Abel designed are the 2100 Connecticut Avenue Apartments, the Shoreham Hotel, 2500 Calvert Street, and The Broadmoor. The construction permit for 2101 Connecticut Avenue was issued on November 2, 1927, (D.C. Building Permit #3831) for Lot 0300, Square 2537.</p><br>
<p>Advertisements for the building began appearing in local newspapers in 1928, which clearly demonstrated the luxury potential renters would experience living there. Its convenience to streetcars, prominent location, and nearby luxurious apartment buildings, were also a draw to renters. The building opened for renters on October 1, 1928.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the Queen Anne style Eliza Barker House located at 2011 Wyoming Avenue was demolished and replaced with a two-level parking garage containing 68 spaces for 2101 Connecticut Avenue residents. The house had been built in 1886 and designed by Eugene C. Gardner. Two prominent past occupants of the house were Representative Wallace H. White and the Serbian legation. In 1976, the apartment building was converted into a housing cooperative (co-op) by B. F. Saul Company. Extensive renovations took place including a new roof, new kitchens, and central air cooling. Students from the Corcoran Gallery of Art restored the lobby. During the year-long renovation and conversion, around half the renters chose to purchase their apartments for $70,000 to $100,000, a somewhat low cost of a luxury apartment at the time. The original terrace is still functional, and decorated with wrought-iron furniture, flower barrels, walkways, and the two pavilions.</p><br>
<p>The building is a contributing property to the Kalorama Triangle Historic District, a historic district added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on April 27, 1987, and the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 1987. The price for a co-op apartment is based on size and floor level. An example in 2022 was a unit on the second floor selling for almost $2 million, in addition to the co-op fee of $4,407 per month.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>The driveway is semicircular and features decorative limestone piers. The entrance features five arches, with the three entrance doors aligned with the three middle arches. Above the entranceway arches are four parrot gargoyles. The step-down lobby includes 16 ft ceilings, meeting rooms, a reception desk, and twelve steel beams covered in mahogany. The center of the lobby features a recessed dome and crystal chandelier.</p><br>
<p>2101 Connecticut Avenue is eight-stories tall, three bays wide, and is in the shape of a double H (H-H). The dimensions of the building are 264 ft long and 127 ft wide. The eclectic design is a mixture of Moorish Revival, Spanish Colonial, and Gothic Revival architectures. Architectural terracotta is on the façade of the buildings top two floors. According to Goode, they were "designed as horned grinning demons, each holds a massive ball over his head — threatening&#39; to toss down a stone boulder on intruders to protect the fortunate residents within." In the frieze are six lion heads.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>There were originally 514 rooms in the 64-unit building, but some of the layouts have been altered. Each apartment contains three bedrooms and due to the HH design of the building, three sides of each unit has windows. The size of each unit, which only includes one per wing, is between 2,600 ft&sup2; and 3,200 ft&sup2;. The apartments were designed to allow residents to entertain large groups.</p><br>
<p>As one enters a unit, there is a long gallery, with most of the rooms connected to it. Most of the units have the three bedrooms on one side of the gallery, and the remaining rooms on the other. In addition to the large bedrooms and entertaining space, there is a kitchen, pantry, a maid&#39;s room and adjoining bathroom, and a sunporch. The ceiling in each unit is approximately 9 ft tall. When Goode wrote his book, Best Addresses in 1988, there had only been two apartments altered in size; Apt 87 was expanded via a room from Apt 88 and the same thing occurred with Apt 72 and Apt 71. There are fireplaces in most of the units on the top three floors.</p><br>
<h3>Notable residents</h3><br>
<p>The building has been home to many prominent residents, including politicians and high-ranking military officials, throughout its history. A partial list of past residents include:</p><br>
<p>Alben W. Barkley, Vice President during President Harry S. Truman&#39;s tenure</p><br>
<p>Second Lady of the United States Jane Hadley Barkley</p><br>
<p>Tom C. Clark, Associate Justice of the USA Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Willis Van Devanter, Associate Justice of the USA Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Benjamin N. Cardozo, Associate Justice of the USA Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Admiral John S. McCain Jr., father of Senator John McCain</p><br>
<p>Roberta McCain, socialite and mother of Senator McCain</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant General Leslie Groves, director of the Manhattan Project</p><br>
<p>Douglas MacArthur II, diplomat and nephew of General Douglas MacArthur</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant General William Wilson Quinn</p><br>
<p>USA Admiral Arthur L. Willard</p><br>
<p>Major General Howard McCrum Snyder, Physician to the President for Dwight D. Eisenhower</p><br>
<p>USA Senator J. William Fulbright</p><br>
<p>USA Senator William Borah</p><br>
<p>USA Senator Theodore E. Burton</p><br>
<p>USA Senator Eugene Millikin</p><br>
<p>USA Representative Howard M. Baldrige</p><br>
<p>USA Representative William S. Mailliard</p><br>
<p>USA Representative J. Harry Covington, federal judge</p><br>
<p>USA Representative Charles F. McLaughlin, federal judge</p><br>
<p>USA Federal Court of Appeals Chief Judge Patricia Wald</p><br>
<p>Dominican Republic legation</p><br>
<p>U. Alexis Johnson, diplomat</p><br>
<p>Admiral Alberto Lais, Italian diplomat</p><br>
<p>Donald F. Turner, attorney, economist, and educator</p><br>
<p>John Kluge, entrepreneur</p><br>
<p>The Rapid City Carnegie Library is a historic Carnegie library building in Rapid City, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the Carnegie library&#39;s construction, two other libraries had previously been built in Rapid City. Library Hall, the first public building in the city, was established in 1881. Although it initially flourished, interest dwindled by the beginning of the 20th century, and it saw increased usage as a public meetinghouse and theater. Eventually, the books were sent to South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. However, efforts to establish a library quickly redoubled; in 1904, a small organization established the Rapid City Free Library and a reading room in a corner the Flormann Building. The library struggled to keep a permanent home, however; in 1909 it relocated to the Todden Worth Building, and again in 1912 to the Elks Building.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, Andrew Carnegie had founded the Carnegie Library Building Program to fund the construction of libraries across the United States. Keeping the Rapid City Free Library running for two years allowed the city to apply for a Carnegie grant. The library officially opened to the public on March 2, 1916, in an opening ceremony hosted by the board and librarian. W. G. Miser, C. C. OHarra, and Rev. Fr. J. N. Fitzgerald all delivered commemorative speeches, followed by a performance by the citys high school orchestra.</p><br>
<p>By 1921, the library had accumulated 4,120 books. It was further expanded on both wings in 1938 as part of a Works Progress Administration project. By 1966, the total counted volumes was in excess of 66,000, with over 253,000 loans that year alone. However, Rapid City was outgrowing the old one-story building and the city began considering replacing it with a larger, newer one. In 1971, the new Rapid City Public Library was built and the Rapid City Carnegie Library closed down. It briefly hosted the city&#39;s police department while their new headquarters were being built but was disused again by 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Rapid City Carnegie Library is similar in style to others built in medium-sized cities. It is a one-story structure with a raised basement, exposing the lower-level windows. It has a rectangular footprint and is constructed out of yellow limestone. Its central entrance is sheltered by a portico topped by a pediment, with five total window bays on either side. It has a flat roof bordered by an entablature that runs along three of the building&#39;s four sides. The 1938 WPA expansion is identical in style to the original 1915 building, although the added wings are slightly recessed.</p><br>
<p>The Womans Club of Upper Montclair is a womens club started in 1900 in the Upper Montclair section of the township of Montclair in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. The clubhouse, located at 200 Cooper Avenue, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 2012, for its significance in social history from 1924 to 1940. It was listed as part of the Clubhouses of New Jersey Women&#39;s Clubs Multiple Property Submission .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The club was started on Thursday, October 4, 1900, led by Mrs. Robert Hoe Dodd (1842–1927). It was called The Thursday Club, after the day of the week when they met. In 1901, the name was changed to the Woman’s Club of Upper Montclair (WCUM) and the club became a member of the New Jersey State Federation of Womens Clubs. They wrote and adopted a constitution on March 31, 1902. The club was incorporated in 1920 and became a member of the General Federation of Womens Clubs in 1921.</p><br>
<h2>Clubhouse</h2><br>
<p>The Colonial Revival clubhouse was designed by architect Francis A. Nelson, a resident of the community, and completed in 1924. The two-story central part has a side-gabled roof and the two-story wings have a front-gabled roof. The entrance features three pairs of French doors.</p><br>
<p>The Tower Building is a historic office building located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1961 by architect David Warren Hardwicke, and designed in the International Style. It features a brise soleil made of brick as well as a ground floor shaded parking lot situated underneath the building&#39;s two stories of offices. The structure derives its name from the WTVR TV Tower located across the street.</p><br>
<p>The office building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. It resides within, but is a non-contributing resource to, the Scott&#39;s Addition Historic District. It underwent a 2018 renovation and reopened as the upscale apartment building Hardwicke House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Scotts Addition neighborhood of Richmond was a sparsely populated residential district during the early 20th century, but as suburban development spread outwards from the city center during the 1940s, much of the area was rezoned for commercial use. In 1953, the 843 ft WTVR TV Tower was completed, becoming the worlds second-tallest lattice tower after the Eiffel Tower.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, a corporation formed by two local businessmen purchased a lot across the street from the tower for the price of roughly $50,000. Hardwicke chose the International style, which often foregoes ornamentation in favor of highlighting a building&#39;s geometric structure.</p><br>
<p>The buildings construction was of prestressed concrete. It was designed with two prominent features that focused on overcoming issues with excessive heat at the site. The buildings two floors of offices are situated atop piers and raised one story above the ground. The space beneath the building therefore provided a shaded parking lot for its tenants, and the offices were reached via a centrally located elevator. Additionally, the exterior of the building was covered with a brise soleil consisting of bricks laying at right angles from each other. This brickwork created a solar screen that insulated the interior offices from the sun.</p><br>
<p>Named the Tower Building after the nearby communications tower, the office building was the home of 17 insurance companies by four years after opening. The building itself was listed to the NRHP in 2017.</p><br>
<p>Eden Springs Park is an amusement park and associated structures located at 789 M-139 in Benton Harbor, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The House of David commune was formed in 1861 by Benjamin Franklin Purnell. After a career as itinerant preachers, Purnell and his wife settled in Benton Harbor in 1903. After arriving, the group grew quickly, from an original seven members to over 700 in 1907. In 1908, Purnell opened an amusement park and zoo known as Eden Springs Park. A baseball stadium was added in 1910. Local teams played there through the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>However, after World War II, societal changed caused fewer people to visit Eden Springs. The zoo was closed in 1945, baseball teams disbanded in the 1950s, and stage shows that had previously been put on halted in the 1960s. The park closed in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Eden Springs Park contains the historic Eden Springs amusement park, as well as zoological gardens, rental cabins, and a baseball field. In all, the site has 58 buildings and structures, of which 49 (13 buildings and 20 structures, plus 15 objects, and 1 site) contribute to the historic</p><br>
<p>significance of the property.</p><br>
<p>The Cacapon State Park Historic District is located in Cacapon Resort State Park, in Morgan County, West Virginia,11.4 miles south of Berkeley Springs. The developed part of the park attributed to the work of the CCC occupies approximately 2,500 acres within the center of the long, narrow district boundary. Densely forested, undeveloped natural areas lacking any amenities occupy the land to the north and south, with approximately 2,400 acres to the north and 1,200 to the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cacapon State Park was developed in partnership with the federal government through construction by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and design counsel from the National Park Service (NPS). The state of West Virginia purchased the land that became Cacapon State Park around 1933. As part of the New Deal, President Roosevelt combined the creation of jobs to spur the economy with programs to invest in public infrastructure across the nation. The CCCs work in Cacapon State Park addressed both environmental concerns and tourism. The CCC was responsible for building roads, trails, cabins, picnic shelters and other amenities including the Old Inn, which was the first lodge in the states park system. All logs, stone and sand for the CCC construction was sourced locally. In 1936, plans for the dam to create Cacapon lake were approved by the state Public Service Commission.</p><br>
<p>The Cacapon State Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Butte–Lawrence County Fairgrounds are a historic fairground complex located near Nisland, South Dakota, United States. County fair celebrations for Butte and Lawrence Counties have been held there annually since 1921. The fairground and its buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first fairs in Butte County were held in the summer at Newell and Vale before being moved to Belle Fourche. The land deed for the current site was purchased in 1919. Earl Wilson was hired to construct the buildings and improve the land, for which the county allocated $7,500. The first fair at the complex was held from September 27–29, 1921.</p><br>
<p>On September 1, 1927, President Calvin Coolidge and his First Lady Grace attended the Butte County Fair. On this visit he was gifted a pair of lambs, and in a speech later that day, he remarked he had been "promised a 160-acre farm in this fertile valley if I would return to live here".</p><br>
<p>Two of the fairground&#39;s rectangular buildings held German prisoners of war during World War II. These POWs were put to work harvesting sugar beets on local farms.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the fairground only served the Butte County Fair. In 1979, the Lawrence County Fair merged into Butte County&#39;s event, and the first joint Butte–Lawrence County Fair was held the following year. On April 30, 1986, 24 acre of the fairgrounds were listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, a hailstorm did heavy damage to the fairgrounds, causing somewhere between $350,000-$500,000 in damages. All of the buildings suffered roof and exterior damage; some, like the grandstand, were so badly damaged that they had to be demolished. Every roof had to be replaced, windows and doors were broken, and the electrical lines were downed. The 2020 fair was cancelled due to COVID-19 but festivities resumed for the 2021 season.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The fairgrounds sit about 0.5 mi southwest of Nisland, South Dakota, near the border of Butte and Lawrence Counties on a floodplain of the Belle Fourche River. The complex covers 40 acre and is one of the largest county fairgrounds in the state. Several cottonwood trees shade the site.</p><br>
<p>The fairground&#39;s centerpiece contributing property is the -story-tall octagonal barn. It is built of a wooden frame and has hardwood floors and a wood-shingled roof. Small, square-shaped windows front every wall, including the octagonal cupola at the top of the building; these upper floors are accessed by a cast-iron interior stairway. The interior contains only the one large room with a balcony overlooking it. This barn serves as a central pavilion for exhibitions.</p><br>
<p>Before its demolition, the largest contributing structure was the grandstand, which was used for viewing events on the field. It was completely constructed out of wood and was partially sheltered by an shed roof, and open on both ends. Other contributing buildings include four exhibition buildings, six barns, a 4-H building, a groundkeeper&#39;s house, two outhouses, and a concessions building.</p><br>
<p>The Womans Club of Rutherford is a womens club started in 1889 in the borough of Rutherford in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Their clubhouse, also known as Iviswold Stables, is located at 201 Fairview Avenue. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 10, 2017, for its significance in architecture and social history. It met the requirements of the Clubhouses of New Jersey Women&#39;s Clubs Multiple Property Submission .</p><br>
<p>The Moss Grove Plantation House is a historic plantation house on the west bank of the Black River in unincorporated Catahoula Parish, Louisiana near Jonesville, Louisiana. It was built around 1870 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Samuel and Caroline Cotton Wilmoth established the cotton plantation in 1836. During the Civil War, the original house was attacked by American gunboats and the current house was built after the war. In the 1970s, a levee was built behind the house instead of in front at the owners&#39; request to avoid needing to relocate the structure away from the river.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is designed with the Greek revival architecture style more common with earlier Antebellum houses. The front has columns on the facade while the inside has a central hall plan. If both the paneled folding doors are opened, it has a dogtrot layout.</p><br>
<p>The YWCA Building, now the Chateau Yakima, is a historic Young Women&#39;s Christian Association building in downtown Yakima, Washington. It was completed in 1935 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1909, the Yakima YWCA originally rented the second floor of Sawbridge&#39;s Hardware Store and used the gym from the First Baptist Church. In 1920, the YWCA purchased the land for the building but they were not able to break ground until 1934, when a local businessperson Alexander Miller donated $80,000 toward the effort. The building opened the next year and offered job placement, a gym, a library, temporary housing, and inexpensive meals to young women.</p><br>
<p>After the YWCA vacated the building, it became the "Chateau Yakima", where the former common areas are rented for events while other sections are used as a coworking space. In 2023, the YWCA obtained the St. Elizabeths School of Nursing building at the former Astria Regional Medical Center, and began converting it into a womens shelter.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is in the Georgian Revival style, although there are some Neoclassical finishes and Federal Revival interiors. Local board president Mary Remy sketched out the plans for the building and its multiple functions which architect John W. Maloney formalized into the final design. The building has a two-story gabled pavilion with a red brick running bond pattern. There are keystones over the first-floor windows.</p><br>
<p>The YWCA Building is a historic Young Women&#39;s Christian Association building Bellingham, Washington that was completed in 1915. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and continues to be used by the Bellingham YWCA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1899, the first YWCA presence in Bellingham formed as a club at the New Whatcom Normal School, what is now Western Washington University. A formal chapter was formed in 1907 which focused on helping women from overseas and rural areas find employment at a time when many new arrivals were tricked or coerced into prostitution. Charles X. and Frances Larrabee donated the land and underwrote construction of the building which was finished in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Today, the organization provides low cost apartments with a shared kitchen, bathroom and laundry in conjunction with support programs to help women. There is a retail Y&#39;s Buys thrift shop at 1224 North State St, Bellingham, WA. The organization also runs a "low barrier" emergency shelter at the First Presbyterian Church where clients are not required to participate in their programs.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Seattle architect Carl Frelinghuysen Gould was hired to design the three-and-a-half-story palazzo overlooking Bellingham Bay. The structure is usually described as Colonial Revival, but is eclectic with elements of Georgian Revival, Queen Anne, and Italian Renaissance Revival architecture. The entrance has a portico with Doric columns and the roof has eyebrow dormers. The brick is in a Flemish bond pattern except for the friezes above the entrance which use herringbone bond.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Bend County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in Richmond, Texas, United States. It was built in 1908 by Charles Henry Page, who also designed several other Texas courthouses. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in 1980 and designated a Texas State Antiquities Landmark in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background and establishment</h3><br>
<p>Since its establishment in 1837, Fort Bend County has had five courthouses, the first four of which have since been demolished. Fort Bend County commissioned Charles Henry Page in late 1907 to design the building. The Texas Building Company handled construction for a total cost of $75,000. The new county courthouse was dedicated on January 19, 1909.</p><br>
<h3>Expansions and renovations</h3><br>
<p>Page oversaw a first expansion of the courthouse in 1935. A second addition was added in 1957. 1981 renovations were carried out by Ray Bailey Architects and restored or reconstructed many original features of the building, including the courtroom&#39;s internal balcony, which had been destroyed during the 1935 works.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the need arose for further renovations, which aimed to restore the courthouse back to its original form; much of the original construction had been hidden under later works. The county raised $5.8 million total for renovations, mostly in private donors and grants.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and layout</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Bend County Courthouse is a three-story-tall structure with a cruciform footprint. Page favored the Neoclassical style for his buildings, which was popular for Texas public buildings constructed in the early 20th century. Other contemporary examples built by Page in this style include the Anderson, Hays, and Williamson County courthouses.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The roof is capped by a large copper dome and is a significant contributor to Richmond&#39;s skyline. Atop this dome is a cupola, atop which in turn stands a copper statue of Lady Justice, who holds her signature scales of justice and a sword. Four clocks, one in each cardinal direction, are set in front of each side of the cupola. Four smaller domes topped with spires sit on top of each corner of the building, supported by rounded pediments. The entirety of the roof is decorated with heavy copper eaves, fascia, and cornices, especially underneath each side dome.</p><br>
<p>The facade is predominately beige brickwork with some stonework and decorative masonry throughout. The two side wings are slightly recessed from the front of the building. The front entrance on the north facade is dominated by a large portico. Four columns extend from the ground up to a protruding third-story entablature, which supports a triangular pediment with a circular window. This creates a sheltered porch for the front entrance, which consists of three sets of arched wooden doors. The other facades also contain side entrances in the form of arched double doors. The first-floor windows are arched, providing symmetry with the front entryway, while the top two floors have rectangular ones. Between the first-floor and second-floor windows runs a thin stone belt course. The facade of the first floor is decorated by raised brick banding.</p><br>
<p>The 1935 addition is similar, but simpler, in style to the original structure. It is missing several of the decorative elements found on the other facades. It has a flat stone roof and fasciae as opposed to continuing the original protruding copper roof details. The first-floor horizontal banding is missing, but the stone belt course is continued. The windows are also simpler and lack the wainscoting present on the original ones.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Inside, entry emerges into the central rotunda, which sits underneath the central dome and allows natural light by way of skylights. A balcony overlooks this main entry space, decorated by ornate fencing. The first floor contains the reception, courtroom, meeting rooms, and county judge offices. On the second floor are more offices and access to the courtroom gallery; and the third and top floor contains the courthouse library and archives, county commissioner&#39;s office, and conference rooms. The 1935 annex was originally meant to house the jail and was intended to be four stories, but construction plans changed just prior to the groundbreaking.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Several commemorative monuments and memorials are situated throughout the grounds. Historical plaques have been placed at the courthouse to mark its own history; others have been placed in remembrance of specific events or people.</p><br>
<p>Upon the courthouse&#39;s simultaneous listing on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980, a historical plaque summarizing its history was installed next to the front entrance.</p><br>
<p>On the northeast corner of the property sits a historic marker for Constantine W. Buckley, a prominent Texas politician and district judge.</p><br>
<p>Two prominent Fort Bend County residents have been memorialized with portraits hung inside the courthouse. In 2021, a portrait of Walter Moses Burton, the first Black county sheriff in the United States, was installed at the courthouse as part of Black History Month celebrations. A photograph of civil rights activist Arizona Fleming was installed next to Burtons on March 23, 2023. Fleming was one of the plaintiffs in the US Supreme Court case Terry v. Adams, which overturned Fort Bend Countys longstanding Jim Crow law that barred non-white citizens from primary elections.</p><br>
<h3>Mirabeau B. Lamar Statue</h3><br>
<p>A statue of Mirabeau B. Lamar, prominent politician of the Republic of Texas, sits in front of the courthouse. It particularly commemorates his advocacy for public state education. Lamar and his wife had both been residents of Richmond. As part of the Texas Centennial celebrations, the statue was dedicated on August 16, 1938, on the 140th anniversary of Lamars birth. One of Lamars great-granddaughters performed the unveiling.</p><br>
<p>The YWCA Building, now the Envision Academy of Arts & Technology and Common Webster, is a historic Young Women&#39;s Christian Association building in Oakland, California designed by early female architect Julia Morgan. It was completed in 1915, became an Oakland Designated Landmark in 1977, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ladies Evangelical Philanthropic Society was founded in 1877 and the next year became the first affiliate of the YWCA in California. H.C. Capwell, owner of The Emporium, organized the campaign to raise funds for a new building.</p><br>
<p>The site&#39;s primary function was to serve as a temporary home for young women moving to the city for work from small towns or from overseas. It also hosted a number of groups for women including a Travelers Aid Service, Campfire Girls, and the Philomathian Club for Negro Women, an affiliate of the Business and Professional Women.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the organization staffed a 24-hour backdoor canteen for women working in the nearby defense industries.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the building was legally split into two parcels so that the top two floors could be sold for $1.3 million to the California College of the Arts to use as a dormitory. As that college moved to San Francisco, Starcity set up 66 single room occupancy units in the top two floors. In 2021, Common Company bought Starcity and marketed the space for co-living, one of 10 such sites they operate in the Bay Area.</p><br>
<p>The Oakland YWCA branch dissolved in 2005, transferring its remaining assets to the Berkeley YWCA. In 2007, the Berkeley YWCA left the building entirely and the three lower floors were leased to Envision Schools for the Envision Academy of Arts & Technology.</p><br>
<p>Highbridge Equity Partners bought the building in 2019 with plans for a hotel conversion but failed to secure funding and continued to be leased to both Common and Envision.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The selection of Julia Morgan, the most prominent female architect of the time, corresponded with the organization&#39;s mission to help women in Oakland. And the local YWCA president, Grace Merriam Fisher, knew Morgan personally from the Kappa Alpha Theta sorority at UC Berkeley. At the time, Morgan was also designing the YWCA Asilomar Conference Grounds for Phoebe Hearst and went on to do a number of other projects for the YWCA.</p><br>
<p>Morgan&#39;s Renaissance Revival design drew inspiration from Santa Maria della Pace in Rome. The interior included bedrooms, lounges with fireplaces, a cafeteria, a gymnasium, showers, classrooms, a swimming pool, and a 300-seat auditorium. Originally the building was three stories with an open courtyard, but later two stories were added which converted the courtyard into a large atrium. That atrium has Corinthian columns and is topped with an entablature containing a Scripture passage in gold lettering:</p><br>
<p>The exterior is brick facing with glazed terra cotta and an entrance highlighted by rusticated brick piers. The front of the building has a triple and two single arched Palladian windows and many of the windows are surrounded with polychromed terra cotta depicting nuts and foliage with ribbons and bosses. The top cornice has iron cresting, and the cornerstone reads "DEDICATED TO NOBLER WOMANHOOD".</p><br>
<p>The YWCA Building Complex is a set of three historic Young Women&#39;s Christian Association buildings in Athens, Georgia. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 as a single listing, not a historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Athens YWCA was founded in 1906 to provide housing for young women, offer vocational classes, and advocate for their welfare. They purchased the Stephens Thomas House in 1906 and the other two buildings were purpose-built for their needs. The local group disaffiliated from the YWCA USA in 1968 over desegregation and was renamed at that time to the "Young Women&#39;s Christian Organization". The YWCO quit using the site in 1980 but continues to offer family gym and pool memberships at their new location.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Stevens Thomas House</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1850, the Greek Revival house has a monumental front portico. It was purchased in 1906 and listed in the 1936 Historic American Buildings Survey.</p><br>
<h3>Athletic Building</h3><br>
<p>Purpose built as a gymnasium, the two-story brick building containing a pool and used for events. It has an eclectic architectural style designed by prominent Athens architect Fred J. Orr (1874–1935).</p><br>
<h3>Servant&#39;s House</h3><br>
<p>The wood-frame building was built circa 1930 but is no longer in the location.</p><br>
<p>The Anthony Reckless Estate, now the Woman&#39;s Club of Red Bank, is a historic house in downtown Red Bank, New Jersey. It was completed in 1870 and it was added to both the National Register of Historic Places and the New Jersey Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Anthony Reckless was a prominent Red Bank resident who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1860 to 1865. He founded the New Jersey Standard newspaper and was president and treasurer of the New York and Long Branch Railroad.</p><br>
<p>In 1870 he built the house on what was then a much larger estate. In 1910, the house was moved to make room for a Presbyterian church. The Woman&#39;s Club of Red Bank was founded in 1917 and bought the house and turned it into a clubhouse in 1921.</p><br>
<p>The club used the COVID19 shutdown in 2020 to catch up with repairs. Today, it offers programming including book clubs, panel discussions, tango classes, and a mom&#39;s group.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Italianate style villa has bracketed eves and three bays. A central pavilion forms the middle projecting bay. The entire front of the house has a porch and the interior follows a central hall plan.</p><br>
<p>The Lee Medical Building is a historic office building located in Richmond, Virginia. It was constructed in 1952, and is a six-story, 40,000 ft&sup2; building designed in the Colonial Revival style. The building occupies a prominent site on Monument Avenue in the city, located on a corner lot across from and facing the since-removed Robert E. Lee Monument, and was the first commercial building on that primarily residential street.</p><br>
<p>It resides within the Monument Avenue Historic District, but was built outside of that area&#39;s period of significance and so is not a contributing structure. The office building itself was listed to the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of Monument Avenue dates to 1887, when it was decided to place a monument to Robert E. Lee in a field west of the city of Richmond.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the street and surrounding neighborhoods had been developed by the early 1940s. By 1950, the southwest portion of Lee Circle was empty, its property lines demarcated by a hedge.</p><br>
<p>In that year, the land came under the ownership of Franklin A. Trice, a Richmond-area developer who had previously worked on numerous residential projects in the city. Previous changes to local zoning laws allowed for such development, however, though the building would be the first commercial structure on Monument Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Pringles final design was for a multi-faceted, seven-sided building arranged to take advantage of the sites wedge-shaped layout. It was done in the Colonial Revival style, faced with brick and limestone, with six broad limestone pilasters separating the front facade&#39;s five bays. The facade is further decorated with carved dogwood blossoms as well as a shield displaying both the caduceus and the Rod of Asclepius.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s interior was constructed with six symmetrical, nearly identical floors containing suites of offices intended for medical and dental professionals. The offices were occasionally modified and renovated to accommodate their various tenants, but generally included space for reception and waiting, examination and operating rooms, and laboratories.</p><br>
<p>In addition to opposition to the buildings initial permit, Trice also met considerable resistance to his attempt to open a pharmacy on the structures ground floor. Neighborhood residents, concerned that a soda fountain would operate in the pharmacy, feared the facility would attract "teen-agers and bobby-soxers". While the zoning ordinance allowed for "uses customarily incident" to the buildings operation, which Trice argued a pharmacy qualified as, the courts determined that the pharmacys additional function of selling soda and candy was overly broad and did not qualify.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, just over a year after its opening, Trice sold the medical building to a consortium of doctors for the price of $750,000. The building had sufficient occupancy that no tenants were forced out of the building due to its sale. Within a decade of opening the building was home to roughly 60 separate practices. As the 20th century progressed and medical professionals required larger spaces, those tenants vacated the building and were gradually replaced by practices such as massage therapy and mental health treatment.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed to the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. In June of that year, following a candlelight vigil celebrating Juneteenth at the site, an airport security officer was arrested at the Lee Medical Building. He had been seen on the roof of the then-vacant building, and was armed with a handgun when police arrived. The man was charged with trespassing but the police found that the gun was carried lawfully.</p><br>
<p>The Bradenton Womans Club is a womens club in Bradenton, Florida. Their clubhouse building was completed in 1921 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The group was founded in 1913 by 16 women, eight years before they completed the building. The organization continuously raises money for local charities with weekly dances, private rentals, and charity galas. Starting in 2004, the group started a multi-year campaign to restore the building to its original condition.</p><br>
<p>They began celebrating their centennial in 2012. In 2017, Hurricane Irma stripped off most of the building roof, which flooded the original dance floor, warping the wood but the group was able to re-open later in the year with donations from the community.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 11,388-square-foot building was completed in 1921 during the Florida Land Boom and cost $22,500 to build.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Revival building was designed by architect Fred W. Kermode and includes a mezzanine with an open two-story meeting space.</p><br>
<p>José Mario Gil Adobe is a rancho adobe established in 1865 by Don José Maria Gil, a prosperous Monterey rancher of Spanish origin. The Adobe is located on Fort Hunter Liggett, near Jolon, in the southwestern part of Monterey County, California. The rancho adobe exemplifies the architecture style and cattle ranching economy prevalent in the Salinas Valley during the era of cattle ranching, which preceded the transition to vegetable farming dependent on irrigation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Don José Maria Gil</h3><br>
<p>Don José Maria Gil was born in Madrid, Spain, on December 14, 1821. His father was from Scotland and traveled to Spain where he met and married a Spanish woman. When José was seven years old, his family settled in Herongariquero, Mexico. At age 21, he moved to California. During the California gold rush, Jose was successful in the gold mines in the Santa Lucia Mountains but gave up this occupation and moved to Jolon, California. He worked as a farmhand at the Rancho Milpitas. On June 5, 1868, he became a naturalized USA citizen.</p><br>
<h3>The Adobe</h3><br>
<p>The Mexican land grant of the Mission San Antonio de Padua was subdivided into 10 parcels, one of which was known as the Rancho Milpitas land grant, encompassing an area of 4,458 acre. The Gil property constituted only a small portion of this land grant. Initially settling on the land as a squatter, Gil constructed an adobe building in 1865, that was used as a ranch house. In 1871, he formalized his ownership by purchasing 260 acre, securing both his adobe house and the surrounding land that formed his ranch.</p><br>
<p>The adobe is approximately 1,200 ft&sup2; in an “L” shape, a single-story building, located on Fort Hunter Liggett at the crossing of two country roads. It has a Spanish architecture style. Three-sided wooden porches encircle the structure, while the walls consist of adobe brick, having a thickness of 3 ft. Certain sections of the current flooring are made of wood, whereas the original flooring consisted of packed dirt. The structure has seven rooms and two indoor fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>José Mario Gil raised a family in the adobe. His first marriage, in 1850, to Juliana Gomez bore three sons. Following her death, she was buried beneath the belfry of the Mission San Antonio de Padua. After Juliana’s death, Jose married Maria Vallejo in 1860, and together they had nine sons and five daughters. Each child contributed to the history of the adobe. Adjacent to the Adobe, there is a family cemetery housing the remains of Jose Kario Gil, his second wife Maria, and numerous children.</p><br>
<p>When Gil died in 1891, he left his estate to his wife. After his wife&#39;s death in 1909, the family decided to sell the 212-acre plot of land. In 1910, advertisements in the local newspaper were used to announce the sale of the property, and it was sold to Dr. Pter K. Watters the same year. In 1917, Watters sold the property to Philip Miller. The Millers lived on the property until the late 1920s, when it was bought by William Randolph Hearst, who purchased all of the ranch lands in the area.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the early 1900s, the Gil Adobe was recognized for its landscaped grounds. Unfortunately, both the surroundings and the building itself experienced a period of neglect starting around 1930. In 1940, Hearst deeded the property to the USA Army, making them the legal owners of the Gil Adobe property. The army repurposed the adobe as an eight-person Officers&#39; Quarters during the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Since the early 1970s, the adobe has stood unoccupied. In 1979, the Army took measures to safeguard it from vandalism by boarding up its doors and windows. Following a building study conducted by the Allen and Sanchez firm in 1993, the Army implemented further protective measures, including the installation of a composition roof and a chain-link fence. Once again, the doors and windows were boarded up to preserve the interior of the adobe. In October 2023, the Engineer Research and Development Center published an extensive report on the José Mario Gil Adobe. Currently, the adobe is in a good preservation state and can be restored. However, the surrounding grounds are in a state of neglect. To restore the structure, it would be necessary to eliminate certain additions were made during the period when the USA Army used the Adobe as barracks in World War II.</p><br>
<p>The historical importance of the Gil Adobe lies in its status as one of the handful of adobes in Monterey County that hasn&#39;t been converted into a private residence. This makes it an important example of ranch adobes that once dotted the Salinas Valley. The Adobe functioned as a ranch house during the period when cattle ranching and dry farming formed the backbone of Monterey County agriculture. This period predates the transition to high-yield vegetable farming dependent on irrigation, which eventually replaced the traditional practices.</p><br>
<p>The Davie Womans Club is a womens club in Davie, Florida. The club was founded in 1922. The clubhouse building was completed in 1947 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The organization was established in 1922, bought its first building in 1931; moved into the current clubhouse in 1947 which they continue to occupy. In 2011, the Town of Davie celebrated the 50th anniversary of formal municipal incorporation and the club led the effort to select materials for and bury a time capsule to be opened in another 50 years. Today, the group continues to be a meeting place for a variety of organizations and is the oldest women&#39;s social servie organization in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The group erected the current structure in 1947 because they wanted an up-to-date building large enough to serve the community. The one-story building included ship details in the facades and faces South New River Canal.</p><br>
<p>El Castillo de Monterey  was a fortification in Monterey, California, founded in 1792 by the Spanish Empire. The fort was constructed to protect the Monterey port and the Presidio of Monterey from invaders. The site was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 23, 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Spanish period (1770–1821)</h3><br>
<p>Recognizing the significance of Monterey Bay, the Spanish sought to establish a firm presence in Alta California. The fort, initiated in 1792, started as a rudimentary log parapet with seven mounted and four unmounted cannons positioned behind it, aiming to safeguard the nearby Presidio of Monterey. Positioned on present-day Presidio Hill, the site sits on a level plain at an elevation of 60 ft, with views of the Monterey Harbor.</p><br>
<p>By 1796, enhancements were made to the Castillo, strengthening it with the addition of a new 60 ft earthen V-shape embankment, 4 ft high, on the side facing the Monterey Bay. The upgrades comprised a wooden gun platform supported by adobe bricks, casemates, and a barracks for the artillerymen. Despite these improvements, the Castillo did not attain sufficient fortification, and people visiting the area commonly criticized its capabilities.</p><br>
<p>The initial trial for the Castillo occurred on November 20, 1818, when two Argentine pirate ships, led by Commander Hippolyte Bouchard, launched an assault on Monterey. The pirates were unsuccessful in a frontal assault on the town and opted to disembark a command on Point Pinos. From there, they initiated their first attack on the Castillo, overpowering the defenders. Subsequently, they redirected the cannons towards the town, launching an assault that overwhelmed the defenders, prompting them to flee. The pirates went on to ransack the town, demolishing the Castillo&#39;s cannons and buildings. Before departing, they set the town on fire.</p><br>
<h3>Mexican period (1822–1846)</h3><br>
<p>Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. On November 3, 1836, Jose Castro, alongside a coalition of disgruntled ranchers, Indigenous people, and Americans, successfully captured the Castillo. The cannons were once again directed towards the town, compelling Governor Nicolás Gutiérrez to surrender after a single cannon shot.</p><br>
<p>On October 19, 1842, Commodore Thomas Catesby Jones of the United States Navy erroneously thought that the United States and Mexico were at war, leading him to take control of the fort on October 20, 1842. After realizing his mistake, Jones offered an apology and reinstated Mexican rule.</p><br>
<h3>American period (1846–present)</h3><br>
<p>The USA Congress proclaimed the Mexican–American War on May 11, 1846, following a Mexican assault on USA forces in Texas. This declaration paved the way for the American occupation of California. The commencement of the American period occurred in Monterey, marked by the entry of USA naval ships into Monterey Bay. While in command of the, Navy Captain William Mervine led a detachment of sailors and United States Marines against Monterey, California.</p><br>
<p>Early on July 7, 1846, the frigate USS Savannah and the two sloops, USS Cyane and USS Levant of the United States Navy, commanded by Commodore John D. Sloat, engaged in a skirmish called the Battle of Monterey. Sloat raised the American flag atop the Customs House at Monterey, and issued a proclamation announcing that California was now part of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Recognizing the susceptibility of old El Castillo site to land attacks from the raised ground behind it, the USA troops opted not to utilize it for their gun batteries. Instead, they built the initial USA fortification, Fort Mervine, on Presidio Hill behind the old Castillo. Little was left of El Castillo by 1880. In 1967, via National Park Service, a team of archaeologists, led by William E. Pritchard, was employed by the Central California Archaeological Foundation to conduct the excavation. the archeological excavations found stone foundations, two gun platforms, several stone storerooms and an adobe wall.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, the site was declared a California Historical Landmark. In 1970, it was included on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>A historical marker reads: "Site of Spanish fort constructed in 1792 to protect the port and presidio of Monterey from inverse. This is one of only three forts constructed by the Spanish in California."</p><br>
<p>The Concrete Interstate Tipis of South Dakota are nine tipi-shaped sculptures located at rest areas along Interstate 90 and Interstate 29 as they pass through South Dakota. Designed by architect Ward Whitwam, they are sometimes colloquially called Whitwams Wigwams. The sculptures were installed between 1968 and 1979 and have become a symbol of South Dakota tourism and interstate travel. They were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places under a multiple property submission in 2015 for their contribution to the states architectural and cultural landscape.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>Interstates 90 and 29 were created in the mid-20th century as part of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, a national push to promote interstate travel. Simultaneously, the need for rest areas at regularly-spaced intervals along the highways was identified, which would not only improve travellers&#39; experiences by meeting their basic needs but also improving safety by promoting driving breaks.</p><br>
<p>The Highway Beautification Act of 1965 brought significant changes to the guidelines for rest area architecture. This legislation directed states to design unique rest areas that would reflect the features of their state, promoting vernacular architecture that would beautify the roadside.</p><br>
<h3>Installation</h3><br>
<p>Ward Whitwam, originally from Watertown, was already an established local architect by the late 1960s, having constructed multiple buildings in Sioux Falls and Mitchell. Whitwam was offered the job by John Olson, who worked for the South Dakota Highway Department and attended church with Whitwam.</p><br>
<p>Whitwam&#39;s original rest area plans centered around buildings that resembled the dugouts and sod houses constructed by early local homesteaders. The facilities were designed to look like large, sloping hills from a distance, topped with soil.</p><br>
<p>Later, Whitwam decided to add tipis as a way to pay homage to the Plains Indians and especially to the Sioux; Whitwam later explained he realized, as they were on the land first, it would be appropriate to include Native structures. His final design implemented semi-circular dugouts which wrapped around the tipi&#39;s base.</p><br>
<p>The Highway Department accepted his designs in November 1965; they expressed that the plans were "uniquely South Dakota". Construction was handled by Gage Brothers Concrete, who also came up with a way of securing the lodgepoles together through welding. To keep the poles upright so they could be joined, an additional lodgepole was temporarily installed in the center and then removed when works were complete.</p><br>
<p>Originally, only four sculptures were planned: one each for the eastbound and westbound rest areas at Wasta and Salem. The ones at Wasta were constructed first, being placed at the site during the summer of 1968; the Salem tipis were installed that fall. The dugout buildings were also constructed but quickly demolished after the Highway Department required more space for a lobby and larger toilet facilities.</p><br>
<p>The positive reception of the sculptures prompted the DOH to commission five additional sculptures, which were placed at rest areas in Valley Springs in 1973, Chamberlain in 1976, Spearfish in 1977, and both New Effington and Junction City in 1979.</p><br>
<h3>Accolades</h3><br>
<p>The tipis have since become a prominent symbol of travel across South Dakota and are one of the most photographed rest area features in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the tipis were listed on the Federal Highway Administration&#39;s "Final List of Nationally and Exceptionally Significant Features of the Federal Highway Interstate System" and were the only entry specifically included for their cultural significance.</p><br>
<p>On January 14, 2015, all nine sculptures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the Concrete Interstate Tipis of South Dakota Multiple Properties Submission. The tipis were added under Criterion A in the transportation and entertainment/recreation categories, and under Criterion C as art. Additionally, Criterion G was applied to allow the works to be listed, as at the time of nomination they did not meet the 50-year age requirement for listed properties.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>All sculptures, identical in form, are 56 ft tall and are 35 ft in diameter at their bases. Each tipi features eight prestressed concrete poles laid against each other in a spiral, meeting nearly at the top and leaving the ends unjoined. At the meeting point, the poles are notched and secured together by a steel plate. The meeting point creates a 3 ft octagonal gap of open space. Each pole weighs tons. Some of the poles have geometric designs carved on them; others are undecorated.</p><br>
<p>Whitwam aimed to only invoke the symbol of a tipi instead of attempting to faithfully recreate one. There are several differences between his sculptures and actual examples of Siouan tipis, including the overall size, the number of lodgepoles, the omission of smoke flaps, and his incorporation of perfect symmetry.</p><br>
<p>The size of the tipis continues a tradition in South Dakota of placing larger-than-life sculptures along public roads; other examples of this phenomenon are Dinosaur Park and the Statue of a Quarter Pounder.</p><br>
<h2>Sculptures</h2><br>
<p>There are nine sculptures in total: seven along I-90 and two along I-29. Two rest areas—Cheyenne River Rest Area near Wasta and Salem Rest Area near Salem—have two sculptures each, one in each direction.</p><br>
<p>Joseph W. Post House is historic house located on the Highway 1 in Posts Summit, approximately four miles to the south of Big Sur, California. Erected in 1867, the homestead evolved through five generations of the Post family settling the Big Sur coast in California. The House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 12, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1848, William Brainard "W.B." Post (1830-1908) came to California after a voyage around the Horn of Africa from his native Connecticut, making landfall in Monterey. From 1848 to 1850, he worked at a whaling station near Point Lobos, spending half a year at sea. He then found employment on the James Meadows&#39; Ranch in Carmel Valley. In 1850, he married Anselma Onésimo, a Christianized Carmel Mission Rumsen Native American girl and the sister-in-law of Meadows.</p><br>
<p>Post decided to obtain land in the Big Sur region and filed a Homestead patent for 640 acre below Sycamore Canyon, at the end of the existing, making him one of the Big Sur region&#39;s first homesteaders. In 1867, the Post Ranch House was built as one-story house using locally sourced redwood, split and planed by hand on the premises. Across successive generations, the Post family extended and enhanced the original home. An addition was the construction of a two-story wing to the north in 1877, reflecting the New England design of a Saltbox-style house. The initial Post Homestead had a trail from Monterey to the Big Sur region. The trail was gradually improved and made into a road when Monterey County declared the Old Coast Road a public road in 1885.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead House is crafted from redwood, with horizontal sidings, including hand-split and planed lap, as well as milled drop siding. The house, irregular in plan, rests on a foundation made of mud sill and has several low and steep-pitched gable and shed roofs, all covered with wood shingles. The initial structure was built in 1867 and comprised a rectangular, one-story, single-room dwelling, complemented at the southeast by a shed-roofed sleeping area. The gently sloped gable roof extended on both sides, stretching into open porch roofs upheld by vertical wooden posts. Entry to the connected shed-roofed section was through an outdoor door, situated at the juncture of the porch roof on the southwest side and the shed roof on the southeast. A raised wooden porch is still visible on the rear (northeast) of the building. On the front (southwest) side, the initial wooden porch has been substituted with a poured concrete stoop, completed before 1955. The windows consist of consistently designed 6/6 double-hung sashes, with a single window present on both the front and rear and on each side of the shed. On the front elevation, there are three manufactured doors with screen doors, and at the rear, there is one door.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, Post expanded the original house by adding a wing. To provide access to the second story, he integrated a stairway into the existing northwest end of the one-story building. The stairwell has hand-hewn horizontal lap siding. The roof has a gable with a six-paned window at the rear (northeast), illuminating the stairwell. After 1922, a manufactured four-panel inverted cruciform door was installed. The two-story addition follows the design of a classic New England Saltbox-style, enhanced by two gabled dormers incorporated into the roofline on the front elevation (southwest). The only alteration from the Saltbox design is a porch roof, enclosed at the northwest end, and initially clad with horizontal siding where it joined the original house. This porch is supported by vertical posts.</p><br>
<p>The arrangement of windows in the new wing originally consisted of uniformly 6/6 double-hung sash windows, but after 1922, modifications were made on the second floor, replacing them with 2/3 fixed windows. Later, a small single-pane square stationary window was installed to the southeast end of the second story, positioned above the enclosed stairwell. Additionally, a small rectangular single-pane awning window was installed at the rear (northeast) of the wing, facing southeast. Access to the two-story wing at the front is provided by a single four-panel wood door, situated above a raised wooden porch. There are two original chimneys, one is situated in the original house, that goes through roofline to the rear (southeast) near the shed appendage. The second chimney is located at the rear of the two-story wing, close to the ridgeline next to the enclosed stairwell. While there have been no significant changes to the outside of the compound, successive occupants have made alterations to the interior over time.</p><br>
<h2>Historically significant</h2><br>
<p>The Joseph W. Post House holds historical significance due to its association with the exploration and settlement of the Big Sur region. Key events contributing to its importance include the construction of the Point Sur Lighthouse in 1888, the first postal service to the area in 1889, and the construction of the Big Sur School in the 1890s. Furthermore, the homestead is architecturally noteworthy for featuring a traditional New England-style Saltbox structure, designed in 1876 to reflect the family&#39;s Connecticut origins. On September 12, 1985, the Joseph W. Post House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Longview Women&#39;s Clubhouse is a historic building in Longview, Washington. The building was completed in 1935 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as part of a Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Community Service Club was established in 1923, at the same time that the company town of Longview was being established. Originally the organization met in one of the dormitories built by the Long-Bell Lumber Company. The group was renamed and, in 1929, joined the National Federation of Women&#39;s Clubs.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, the group constructed the clubhouse from corporate, individual, and government donations. The prime lots near Lake Sacajawea were donated by Long-Bell while the wood was donated by the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company, which had by then also opened a mill in Longview. The construction labor was provided from the Works Progress Administration, which completed the building in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Initially the women&#39;s club had a social welfare focus on supporting with new arrivals for Long-Bell, but it gradually became more of a social and philanthropic organization. The building was increasingly used for meetings of various non-profit organizations, blood drives, church services, and wedding receptions.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse is now owned by the City of Longview and civic and political events are held in the building. Beginning in 2022, the building has been used for summer camps.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Local architect George MacPherson designed the clubhouse in a rustic and carpenter Gothic architectural style. The exterior has rough sawn weather boarding and projecting purlin ends. The roof has stepping gables and a rubble chimney. The interior has a trussed great meeting room with ancillary wing stepping down to the rear with a kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The Doctors House is a historic house in Brand Park in Glendale, California. It was built in 1888 and is one of the only Victorian-style houses left in the city. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Glendale Register of Historic Resources and Historic Districts. It is maintained by the city&#39;s Parks, Recreation, and Community Services division. The museum is open for tours every Sunday from 2-4 PM.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1888 by Ellis T. Byram, a real estate developer, and was originally located at 921 East Wilson Ave. It got its name from being occupied by four separate doctors in a row during its early days. After changing hands twice early on (Emma L. Jay in 1890 and Alice M. Junken in 1894), it was purchased in 1896 by the first doctor, Charles Virgil Bogue. He used one of the rooms as a doctors office and refurbished the attic as a childs room and playplace while also adding a staircase to the area. David Winslow Hunt was the second doctor, buying the building in 1901. He added another bedroom to the attic and a carriage house to be used as an office.</p><br>
<p>The third doctor, Allen Lincoln Bryant, did not live in the house for long, vacating it in 1908 to Leonidas Hamlin Hurtt, the fourth and final doctor to occupy the building. Bryant had only lived in the house since 1907. Hurtt remodeled the kitchen and dining room, along with many other aspects of the house, extensively for his new wife. Hurtt lived in the house until 1914. After some more short ownerships, Canadian actress Nell Shipman bought the house in 1917 and lived in it until 1920. She had a menagerie in the house that contained two bear cubs.</p><br>
<p>The Dzaich and Kordich families, who were related by marriage, bought the house in 1921. They split it into two separate residences and made the parlor on the first floor into a bedroom. The families lived in the house until 1980 when Belmont Plaza Development Co. bought it with plans to demolish the building. The Glendale Historical Society was formed to save it. It was in an agreement with the city in which the city would be responsible for the exterior and landscaping, while the society would be in charge of restoration, the interior, and the museum. The organization moved it to Brand Park in September 1980 and, with the lead of Gregg/Gangi Development Co., restored the home using authentic methods. The relocation and restoration cost $200,000 in total. When restoration was completed in 1984, the house was reopened by the society as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is built in a Queen Anne-Eastlake style. An octagonal gazebo, constructed in 1999, can be found on the property&#39;s grounds. Originally, the building was only one-story tall, although it had a small attic that could be reached via the pantry ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The foundations of the building are made out of concrete blocks that date to 1980, when it was moved. The roof shingles are all brown.</p><br>
<p>Olvida Peñas is a residence built and designed by Oakland architect Frederick H. Reimers in 1926 for J. M. Mendel. The home is located in the Monterey Peninsula Country Club tract in Pebble Beach, California. The house is noted for its use of Mexican Vernacular architecture and adherence to the community planning structures of Pebble Beach. The building was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Olvida Peñas, translating to "Forget Pain," was built and designed by Oakland architect Frederick H. Reimers in 1926 for J. M. Mendel and his wife. The property encompasses a plot of land covering approximately 1.6 acre on two lots inside Monterey Peninsula Country Club properties at Pebble Beach, California. Located approximately 1 mi southwest of Monterey and 125 mi to the south of San Francisco, the complex rests on level terrain within a open space in the Del Monte Forest. It is positioned near the intersection of Forest Lodge Road to the south and Majella Road to the west, next to The Links at Spanish Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The two-story timbered home&#39;s design comprises four separate buildings with two parallel wings extending in the east-west direction, connected by a covered porch running north and southeast side of the compound. Together, the wings and porch shape an open square that encloses a courtyard. A wall for the western courtyard is constructed with adobe and mission tiles running along the western side of the complex. Both wings rest on concrete pads with Monterey pine framing. The roofs have basic gables featuring visible log trusses and a sub-roof made of redwood planks, capped with hand-split redwood shakes. The windows include a variety of plain glass windows and French doors. The exterior walls combine stucco and redwood board-and-batten. With the exception of the log supports and woodwork, the exterior is painted in a white hue.</p><br>
<p>A gate is situated on the south side of the property, facing Forest Lodge Road. It is a hand-sculpted wooden gate, framed by stone walls. The gate has ironwork featuring animal heads and Native American symbols. The southern wing of the complex features an Italian wrought iron doorway, which separates it from the primary living and dining space. A loft-style library spans one-third of the 60 ft-long living room, creating a partial second-floor level to the west. The kitchen, breakfast area, one bedroom, a bath, and a recently added family room are in the eastern section of the wing. The northern wing, spanning two stories, houses four bedrooms, two on the upper level and two on the lower level, each equipped with its private bath and external entrance. The original garage, initially connected to the lowermost bedroom on the eastern side, has been changed into a sitting room. Carmel stone is used in the living quarters, as a separation between the posts in the entrance, the breakfast area, and the additional family room. This addition was completed in 1972 by then-owners James and Annette Schallerer. Located in the southeastern section of the living wing, the extension was incorporated into the structure. During the construction phase, a set of French doors and a stationary six-over-three clear-glazed window were taken from the wall of the living room and seamlessly integrated into the new addition. The living wing features two fireplaces. The first, situated in the living/dining room area, is a substantial construction made of large local granite stones, incorporating a fire brick box. Originally, this fireplace served as the sole source for heating all water in the house. The second fireplace, crafted from shaped concrete, is positioned in the family room addition.</p><br>
<p>Two extra buildings are situated behind and to the east of the primary residence. One is an uncovered shed, and the other, resembling a carriage house, serves as a garage. These buildings were constructed in 1927 by Leila B. Hedges and are of the same design of the entire complex. The open shed located to the rear of the main complex follows a Monterey pine post-and-beam construction, providing coverage on three sides. It serves as a sheltered space for storage. The garage, designed in board-and-batten construction, bears a resemblance to a stable. Its sliding doors, situated at the front and rear, are crafted from 4 in-thick hand-split redwood. Featuring four automobile bays, the structure also includes two rooms and a bath designated for living quarters.</p><br>
<p>Interior walls throughout the structure consist of Cellatex-type material placed between the posts and the stucco outer wall. The exterior walls are constructed with single-wall board-and-batten, featuring pine post-and-beam framing. The exterior walls facing west and north in the bedroom wing are made of Cellotex and stucco. Doors throughout the entire complex are crafted from thick, hand-hewn redwood planks, available in various sizes and adorned with ornamental ironwork furniture. Ornamental tile and ironwork elements are incorporated on both the outside and inside. Ceramic tiles with a glazed finish and decorative plaques, varying in size and shape, are strategically placed throughout the complex, embedded into the cement floors, serving as embellishments above doorways, both inside and outside, and affixed to outside and inside walls. Ornamental ironwork is prevalent, appearing in gates of diverse sizes, window grates adorning the main entrance in the living wing, and taking on various forms indoors, from wall sconces to fireplace furniture. A terrace made of paver bricks links both wings, surrounding the courtyard in the open square. The broad roof overhangs create a sheltered walkway, providing protection during bad weather. Initially, a minimum of four Monterey pine trees situated on the premises were integrated into the design of the portico terrace, with the roof constructed around them to preserve these natural features.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>Olvida Peñas was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Kirkland Womans Club is a womens club in Kirkland, Washington. Their clubhouse building was completed in 1925 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The club was founded in 1920 when eight women met and established a charter with the General Federation of Women&#39;s Clubs. The building was completed in 1925 through community support: the Burke & Farrar development company gifted the land, local architect and future mayor John Hanford Wester donated the plans, and local high school shop students made the bookshelves.</p><br>
<p>The building initially served as Kirkland&#39;s first public library with donated books and offered free well baby visits with a pediatric clinic. During the Great Depression, the group provided food and clothing to needy families and the building hosted musical events, parent–teacher association meetings, and a Camp Fire club. The club paid off their mortgage in 1937 and the library moved across the street to city hall in 1948. The club continues to provide annual scholarships to local high school students.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the group donated a tiered fountain to local cemetery, a civic project that had been proposed in the 1880s but never funded until then. In 2015, the group received support from the Washington Trust for Historic Preservation to secure the pair of chimneys to the roof in order to stabilize them and avoid collapse.</p><br>
<p>The facilities in the clubhouse are rented out for wedding receptions, funerals, and birthdays. A number of civic organizations without their own building have also met at the location including the Kiwanis and American Legion.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The clubhouse is a wood one-story vernacular building with exterior brick chimneys on each end. The front of the building has a central entry bay with three double-leaf French doors and a large ramp that replaced the original two steps. The large windows are composed of multi-light casement units separated by wood mullions. The low-pitched roof has a gable running parallel with the front of the building and overhanging eves with a boxed cornices.</p><br>
<p>The interior consists of a clubroom to the left of the entrance and a front entry and library room to the right, in what is now a combined room. A kitchen and storage room are located to the rear of the building. There are two fireplaces, a smaller one in the library with a stone voussoir and a larger one in clubroom with a brick voussoir containing a decorative keystone. The rooms have coved ceilings with oak flooring and the original flower-shaped light fixtures.</p><br>
<p>Participants in the Selma to Montgomery march on March 21–25, 1965, utilized four campsites along the route. The march followed a 54 mi route along USA Highway 80 from Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church in Selma through Lowndes County to the State Capitol in Montgomery. Lowndes County had earned the nickname "Bloody Lowndes" due to anti-Black violence, and was particularly symbolic for the march organizers. Leaders with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference  sought Black landowners along the route as sympathetic to the goals of the march. Security was provided by the Alabama National Guard, however some marchers distrusted the White guardsmen, and volunteer security guards also patrolled the camps.</p><br>
<h2>Campsite 1: David Hall Farm</h2><br>
<p>After the first day, March 21, the marchers camped on the farm of David Hall, a Black landowner. Sleeping, medical, and food tents were erected on the farm, and march organizers used the nearby New Sister Spring Baptist Church as a meeting site. Many of the participants returned to Selma by car and bus from the Hall farm; due to Highway 80 narrowing to two lanes through Lowndes County, only 300 marchers were allowed along that portion of the route.</p><br>
<h2>Campsite 2: Rosie Steele Property</h2><br>
<p>On the night of March 22, the marchers camped on the property of Rosie Steele. Steele was a Black landowner, who acquired her property along Highway 80 near White Hall sometime between 1935 and 1940 and operated a general store. The store was especially profitable during World War II, and she eventually acquired 200 acre in Lowndes and Autauga Counties. Steele&#39;s property was chosen by SCLC leadership due to its location in Lowndes County, its proximity to Highway 80, and for being roughly halfway between campsites 1 & 3 (17 mi and 13 mi respectively).</p><br>
<p>On the night of the camp, two large sleeping tents, two service tents, portable restrooms, and a communications antenna were erected. Food was brought in, consisting of chili and crackers, tomatoes, fruit cocktail, bread, and cookies. Marchers also bought provisions from Rosies son Roosevelts service station across the highway. A short mass was held, led by Martin Luther King Jr. The next morning, breakfast was served and the marchers continued toward Montgomery.</p><br>
<p>Steele&#39;s house and store burned in 1967, and a new brick house was built in the 1970s. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Campsite 3: The Gardner Farm</h2><br>
<p>The third night of the march, March 23, was hosted on the farm of Robert and Mary Gardner, on the south side of Highway 80 east of Lowndesboro. The land was owned by Roberts grandfather, Hugh A. Carson, a member of the Alabama House of Representatives who was born a slave and was one of only three Black delegates to Alabamas 1875 constitutional convention. The family house was built circa 1900–1912, with additions in the 1940s and 1955. The farm was suggested as a campsite to march organizers by Robert&#39;s brother-in-law A. G. Gaston.</p><br>
<p>The farm&#39;s driveway is located off a side road, now named Frederick Douglass Road. The two sleeping tents and medical tent were located north of the driveway, and the food tent was south of the driveway. The third day of the march progressed in a steady rain, and the camp was covered in deep mud. Marchers dried their clothes around portable heaters and ate dinner supplied by Tuskegee University students. The marchers departed at 7am the next morning, and soon crossed into Montgomery County.</p><br>
<p>The property remains in the Gardner family. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Campsite 4: City of St. Jude</h2><br>
<p>The final night of the march, March 24, participants camped at the City of St. Jude, a Roman Catholic church, school, and hospital complex. Established in 1937, St. Jude was intended to be a social service center for Montgomery&#39;s Black community. When the hospital opened in 1951, it was the first fully integrated hospital in Alabama.</p><br>
<p>At St. Jude, the usual tents were erected, but marchers were also able to take advantage of the medical and other facilities. That evening, a "Stars for Freedom Rally" was held on the grounds, featuring performances by Harry Belafonte, Tony Bennett, Frankie Laine, Peter, Paul and Mary, Sammy Davis Jr., Joan Baez, and Nina Simone.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of March 25, the marchers completed the final 4 mi to the Capitol.</p><br>
<p>The City of St. Jude complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The John W. Inzer Museum  is a historic residence and museum in Ashville, Alabama. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1852 for Moses Dean, one of the earliest landowners in Ashville who arrived in the area as early as 1825. In 1866, the house was purchased by John Washington Inzer. Inzer moved to Alabama from Georgia in 1854, and read law with John Tyler Morgan and A. J. Walker in Talladega. He moved to Ashville in 1856 to open a law office, and was appointed temporary probate judge of St. Clair County in 1859. Inzer was the countys delegate to Alabamas secession convention in January 1861, after which he served in the Confederate States Army. After the Civil War, he returned to Ashville and served several stints as judge and in the Alabama State Senate.</p><br>
<p>Following Inzers death in 1928, the home remained as a family residence until 1987. The home was given to the local branch of the Sons of Confederate Veterans and opened as a museum the following year. The museum houses furniture and artifacts from Inzers life, focusing on his role in Confederate history. The museum is open by appointment only, and receives public funding from the state, as much as $25,000 in each of 2022 and 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Revival house sits on a 4 acre lot one block south of the St. Clair County Courthouse. The three-bay façade has a small portico with four columns, the center two are round with fluting and the outside two are square, all with Doric capitals and bases. Four chimneys lie along the north wall and two on the south wall, piercing the hipped roof. Windows on the façade are 12-over-12 sashes, while the side windows are 9-over-9. The interior has a double-pile center-hall plan, with a bedroom and parlor in front of two bedrooms flanking the hall. A stained glass arch separates the front and rear halls. A rear ell contains another bedroom and the dining room. The detached kitchen included servant living quarters.</p><br>
<p>The Beckner House  is a historic residence in Fairhope, Alabama, United States. The house was built in 1906 for J. M. Beckner, a single-taxer from Illinois. The house sustained minor damage in the 1906 hurricane. A fish market was operated out of the home from the 1920s until Hurricane Frederic in 1979. It was renovated into a bed and breakfast and restaurant in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The original portion of the house is a one and a half story, cross-gable structure. A later addition extended the building parallel to the street. The original block has a two-bay façade with a single-height shed roofed porch. The original paired one-over-one windows on the left of the first floor and on the front gable have been replaced with three-over-one. The original block has three rooms and a hall on the each floor.</p><br>
<p>Miamisburg Mound is a conical Native American Mound in Miamisburg, Ohio. At 65 ft tall and 800 ft in circumference, it is the largest burial mound in the Eastern United States. Built atop a hill overlooking the Miami River, it is believed to have been built by the Adena Culture between 800BC and 100AD. Mound Laboratories, originally part of the Manhattan Project, is located across the street and was named for the Miamisburg Mound.</p><br>
<p>The Robertson County Courthouse and Jail in Franklin, Texas, serves as the county courthouse for Robertson County. The jail was constructed in 1879 and the courthouse was completed in 1880. It was designed by Frederick Ernst Ruffini and built in the Second Empire. Its signature mansard roof was removed in 1924 but was restored in the 2010s. It was listed as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1968 and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Robertson County&#39;s organization in 1838, the county seat moved several times. Planning for the new courthouse-jail complex in Franklin began after the 1879 general election concluded the county seat would move there from Calvert. As planned by Austin architect Frederick Ernst Ruffini, the site was to be on the main public square. The jail was constructed by James P. Smith in 1879 for a cost of $11,485. Construction on the courthouse was approved in 1881 and completed in 1882 at a total cost of $30,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, remodeling works were carried out by Hix McCanless. The original mansard roof was removed in favor of modernizing the building with a flat, Mission-type facade. This new roof consisted of a parapet separated from the original walls by an overhanging roof supported by brackets.</p><br>
<p>Additional remodeling works occurred in 1973 as part of a $500,000 plan to repair and restore several features. The interior was completely gutted and windows were repaned. The roof was also renovated and lowered. Another annex building was added for more office space.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, more major remodels were completed, which reintroduced several original features that had been lost over the decades. The Mission-style parapet and awnings were removed entirely, and the roof as initially installed in 1882 was rebuilt. Modern steel windows were replaced with wooden frames. Inside, two original wooden staircases were reconstructed. Lindale-based architectural firm Mark A. Thatcher, AIA led the restoration, and J.E. Kingham Construction Company of Nacogdoches carried out construction.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse&#39;s rectangular footprint measures 81 ft by 66 ft. Its exterior walls are made of Austin limestone. It was originally constructed in the Second Empire style. The roof—which was demolished in 1924 but restored in 2014—features corner pavilions and a central tower topped by mansard roofs inset with galvanized iron dormers. Clocks are set into the top of the tower.</p><br>
<p>Kirk Creek Campground is an archaeological site dating to the Middle Period of the Big Sur coast in California. The campground is in Lucia, Monterey County, California, US. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1974, excavation of 60 cubic yards was done at the Kirk Creek site, CA-MNT-238, with funding provided by the California Division of Highways. Three decades later, an analysis, interpretation, and documentation of the site data was completed. The site stands as the sole intact and well-documented archaeological assemblage from the Middle Period, or Archaic Period, along the Big Sur coast, encompassing evidence of a short-term Early Period hunting camp.</p><br>
<p>The regional analyses cover chronological data from coastal sites, obsidian hydration, Olivella shell, subsistence patterns, and a Late Period transition to the interior. Kirk Creek Campground excavations began in 1974 with projectile points, Olivella beads, and bone tools being found at the site.</p><br>
<p>The current Nebgen School house was erected in 1936, replacing the earlier 1901 school building. The former structure had itself been an update of the original 1881 log cabin erected by the family of Truman Taylor on land the family provided.</p><br>
<p>The Gilmer-Aikin Laws of the Texas State Legislature of 1947 ultimately resulted in consolidation of school districts in order to assure there would be at least a minimum of basic public-schooling throughout Texas. Nebgen consolidated with Stonewall Independent School District in 1949, which is served by the Fredericksburg Independent School District.</p><br>
<p>The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Brodbeck–Zundel Historic District is a historic district in Point Clear, Alabama, United States. The district consists of four houses near the eastern shore of Mobile Bay built by an extended family around the turn of the 20th century. Edward Brodbeck, an immigrant from Germany, formed a company with his brother-in-law, Charles F. Zundel, to run a general store, post office, and wharf. After Charles death in 1896, Brodbeck and his wife took in his nine children, and built a large Victorian house near the general store. Two of Zundels sons built houses nearby soon after.</p><br>
<p>The houses were built as year-round residences, unlike the nearby homes which were vacation cottages. As such, they exhibited a more elaborate architectural style, with turned posts, brackets, and finials. The main Brodbeck house originally was oriented west toward the bay, but in 1905 was changed to be oriented towards the road with the addition of a wraparound porch.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Twelvemile Island Ship Graveyard Historical and Archaeological District is a shipwreck site in the Mobile River near Mobile, Alabama, United States. The collection of five wrecks – one large, potentially three-masted ship; three barges; and an unidentified ship – are part of a ship graveyard.</p><br>
<p>The main wreck was discovered in January 2018 by journalist Ben Raines during an extreme low tide. Believing the wreck to be that of the Clotilda, the last known slave ship to arrive in the United States, an archaeological survey was performed on March 1–4, 2018. The wreck was determined not to be the Clotilda, as it was longer (approximately 158 ft long, compared to the Clotilda&#39;s 86 ft) and constructed of pine rather than oak. A later survey determined the ship to be constructed of Douglas fir, suggesting it was built on the Pacific coast and sailed around South America to Mobile.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The Northside was a historically African American neighborhood confined within an area of around one mile in the west side of Atlantic City. It was a neighborhood subject to the racial discrimination tactic of redlining, where investors did not invest in an area due to its demographics and prevented buildup of generational wealth. This led to many businesses and housing complexes being built by the government and wealthy black investors in the area, such as Leroy "Pop" Williams.</p><br>
<p>At its height, the Northside was a bustling neighborhood with many businesses located on Baltic and Mediterranean avenues. The Missouri Avenue Beach, nicknamed "Chicken Bone Beach" and Club Harlem were two of the most iconic attractions in the District. With the construction of the Stanley Holmes Village and other projects, more and more historic apartments were demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Bricklayers Union Hall is a historic building in Montgomery, Alabama. Built in 1954, the two-story International Style building is constructed of clay tile with a brick veneer. There are separate entrances to three office units, and a neon sign reading "BRICKLAYERS HALL" near the cornice. The two first-floor suites were rented out, and the second floor, containing offices and a large meeting room, was used by the union.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built by the Bricklayers Union No. 3, which was a part of the International Union of Bricklayers, Masons, and Plasterers, and whose members were predominately Black. One of the offices was rented by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was founded to organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The union secretary, Percy Doak, was a member of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, where MIA president Martin Luther King Jr. was pastor. The MIA moved to the building in February 1956 and remained there until 1960. During 1956, the building was used as the logistics and operations hub for the bus boycott. MIA rented the office space in unit C, while unit B (the upstairs meeting rooms/community room) were used for strategy sessions and meetings with local organizers, like Jo Ann Robinson, E.D. Nixon, Ralph Abernathy, and Fred Gray. After the MIA, civil rights attorney Charles Swinger Conley had his office in the building, while working on cases to desegregate interstate busses (following the Freedom Rides), public libraries, and juries, as well as on New York Times Co. v. Sullivan.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, the building was purchased by the non-profit group GirlTREK with plans to utilize building as its Southern headquarters and field team. GirlTREK is an organization based on organizing community walking events as a way to heal intergenerational trauma, fight systemic racism and transform Black lives.</p><br>
<p>The Alabama Civil Rights Tourism Association (www.civilrightstourism.org) utilizes the 2nd floor and incorporates Civil Rights dinners and programs that engage in exposure to Civil Rights History at this significate site which played such a critical role in the African American struggle for equality and justice.</p><br>
<p>The Central Alabama VA Medical Center–Montgomery is a medical facility of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs  in Montgomery, Alabama. The hospital was built in 1940 and originally consisted of 138 acres, but has been reduced to approximately 50 acres. The main building is a four-story H-shape building with elements of Colonial Revival and Classical Revival styles. Other historic buildings on the campus include the dining hall, residences for attendants and nurses, and engineering & maintenance buildings.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Covering approximately 2,807 acre, the Klein Frankreich Rural Historic District is 3.5 mi northwest of the city of Fredericksburg, in Gillespie County, Texas. The name Klein Frankreich translates from the original German language as "Little France", and the area was so named because the initial settlers  believed it resembled rural areas of France. The area has been representative of multiple generations descended from those original settlers. In the decades that followed, succeeding generations of the founding families continued to work the land. In the last half of the 20th century, it became more financially feasible to find employment elsewhere. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 2023.</p><br>
